UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Ukrainian UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | великий, старий, зелений, незрозумілий, перший |
| ADV | Adverb | дуже, завтра, внизу, де, там | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst, ой, браво, привіт | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | дівчина, кішка, дерево, повітря, краса | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Мері, Джон, Лондон, НАТО, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | біг, біжить, біжить, їсть, їв, їв | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | у, до, під час |
| AUX | Auxiliary | є, має (зроблено), буде (робити), повинен (робити) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | і, або, але (застарілий тег) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | і, або, але | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | якщо, поки що | |
| DET | Determiner | a, an, the | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, один, сімдесят сім, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | , а не | |
| PRON | Pronoun | Я, ти, він, вона, я, сам, хтось | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Ukrainian XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Ілон їсть. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Те, що він зробив, було неправильним. | |
| obj | Direct object | Я бачу місяць. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Вона дала мені подарунок. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Він сказав, що втомився. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Я хочу йти. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Він сів на стілець. |
| vocative | Vocative | Джон, іди сюди! | |
| expl | Expletive | Є кіт. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Той чоловік, я його знаю. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Я пішов після його прибуття. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Біжи швидко. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | Ну я не впевнений. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Я можу бачити. | |
| cop | Copula | Вона є щасливою. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Я знаю, що ти знаєш. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | Двері машини. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Сем, мій друг. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Сім днів. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | План перемоги. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | Синє небо. | |
| det | Determiner | Кінець. | |
| case | Case marking | Король Франції. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | Незважаючи на це. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Нью-Йорк. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Телефонна будка. | |
| list | List element | Телефон, ключі, гаманець. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Хліб і масло. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Хлібі масло. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Це було вкрадено. |
| punct | Punctuation | Привіт! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Використовується для невідомих посилань) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Я їв обід. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (вікно було зламано) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compound:nn (зарядний пристрій для телефону) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (Кіт на килимку) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (автомобіль мого батька) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Моя собака, капелюх Джона) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (Книга, яку я прочитав) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (я їду у вівторок) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt (Здати вгору, закрити вниз) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (Чоловік, який пішов) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name (Президент Обама) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | США, Нью-Йорк, Франція, Каліфорнія |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Тихий океан, гора Еверест, Альпи |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Міст Золоті Ворота, аеропорт JFK, Бурдж Халіфа |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Ілон Маск, Гаррі Поттер, Алан Тьюрінг |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Американець, буддист, демократ, японець |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google, ООН, Apple, FIFA |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 липня 2026 року, вчора, наступного тижня |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 ранку, захід сонця, десять хвилин |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Друга світова війна, Коачелла, Олімпійські ігри |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 доларів США, 5 мільйонів євро, 50 фунтів стерлінгів |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%, вісімдесят відсотків, 0,5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 км, 100 фунтів, 30 квадратних метрів |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | перший, 2-й, дев'ятий |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, тисяча, три |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Мона Ліза, Богемна рапсодія, Гамлет |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | Конституція, Версальський договір |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Англійська, Python, Mandarin |
Якщо ми обробимо фразу «Google базується в Каліфорнії», шари виглядатимуть так:
Лема: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
UPOS: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: «Google» — це nsubj (номінальний підмет) дієслова «based», тобто Root (корінь речення).
NER: «Google» — це 🏢 ORG (організація), «California» — це 🌍 GPE (геополітична організація).
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English -
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Indonesian -
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