UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Spanish UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | grande, viejo, verde, incomprensible, primero |
| ADV | Adverb | muy, mañana, abajo, donde, allá | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst, ay, bravo, hola | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | niña, gato, árbol, aire, belleza | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Mary, John, Londres, OTAN, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | corre, corre, corre, come, comió, comió | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | en, a, durante |
| AUX | Auxiliary | es, ha (hecho), haré (hará), debería (hacer) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | y, o, pero (etiqueta heredada) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | y, o, pero | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | si, mientras, eso | |
| DET | Determiner | un, un, el | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, uno, setenta y siete, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | , no | |
| PRON | Pronoun | Yo, tú, él, ella, yo mismo, ellos mismos, alguien | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Spanish XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Elon come. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Lo que hizo estuvo mal. | |
| obj | Direct object | Veo la luna. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Ella me dio un regalo. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Dijo que estaba cansado. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Quiero ir. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Se sentó en la silla. |
| vocative | Vocative | John, ¡ven aquí! | |
| expl | Expletive | Hay un gato. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Ese hombre, lo conozco. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Me fui después de que él llegó. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Corre rápido. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | Bueno, no estoy seguro. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Puedo puedo ver. | |
| cop | Copula | Ella está feliz. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Sé que tú lo sabes. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | La puerta del auto. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Sam, mi amigo. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Siete días. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | El plan para ganar. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | El cielo azul. | |
| det | Determiner | El fin. | |
| case | Case marking | El rey de Francia. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | A pesar de eso. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Ciudad de Nueva York. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Cabina telefónica. | |
| list | List element | Teléfono, llaves, billetera. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Pan y mantequilla. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Pan y mantequilla. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Fue robado. |
| punct | Punctuation | ¡Hola! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Usado para enlaces desconocidos) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Yo comí el almuerzo. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (La ventana estaba rota) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compuesto:nn (cargador de teléfono) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (El gato en la alfombra) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (El coche de mi padre) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Mi perro, el sombrero de John) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (El libro que leí) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (Me voy el martes) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compuesto:prt (Ríndete arriba, cierra apagado) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (El hombre que se fue) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | plano:nombre (Presidente Obama) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | Estados Unidos, Nueva York, Francia, California |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Océano Pacífico, Monte Everest, Los Alpes |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Puente Golden Gate, aeropuerto JFK, Burj Khalifa |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Elon Musk, Harry Potter, Alan Turing |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Americanos, budistas, demócratas, japoneses |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google, Naciones Unidas, Apple, FIFA |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 de julio de 2026, ayer, la próxima semana |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 a.m., atardecer, diez minutos |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Segunda Guerra Mundial, Coachella, Juegos Olímpicos |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 dólares, 5 millones de euros, 50 libras |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%, ochenta por ciento, 0,5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 km, 100 libras, 30 metros cuadrados |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | primero, segundo, noveno |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, mil, tres |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Modelo S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Mona Lisa, Bohemian Rhapsody, Hamlet |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | La Constitución, Tratado de Versalles |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Inglés, Python, Mandarín |
Si procesamos la frase "Google tiene su sede en California", las capas se ven así:
Lema: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
UPOS: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: "Google" es el nsubj (sujeto nominal) del verbo "based" que es Root (raíz de la oración).
NER: "Google" es una 🏢 ORG (Organización), "California" es una 🌍 GPE (Entidad Geopolítica).
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