UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Hebrew UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | גדול, ישן, ירוק, בלתי מובן, ראשון |
| ADV | Adverb | מאוד, מחר, למטה, איפה, שם | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst, auch, bravo, hello | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | ילדה, חתול, עץ, אוויר, יופי | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | מרי, ג'ון, לונדון, נאט"ו, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | רוץ, רץ, ריצה, אכל, אכל, אכל | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | ב, אל, במהלך |
| AUX | Auxiliary | הוא, עשה (עשה), יעשה (עשה), צריך (עשה) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | ו, או, אבל (תג מדור קודם) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | ו, או, אבל | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | אם, בזמן, זה | |
| DET | Determiner | a, an, the | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, אחד, שבעים ושבע, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | של, לא | |
| PRON | Pronoun | אני, אתה, הוא, היא, עצמי, עצמם, מישהו | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Hebrew XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | אילון אוכל. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | מה שהוא עשה היה שגוי. | |
| obj | Direct object | אני רואה את הירח. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | היא נתנה ללי מתנה. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | הוא אמר שהוא עייף. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | אני רוצה ללכת. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | הוא ישב על הכיסא. |
| vocative | Vocative | ג'ון, בוא לכאן! | |
| expl | Expletive | יש חתול. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | האיש ההוא, אני מכיר אותו. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | עזבתי אחרי שהוא הגיע. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | רוץ מהיר. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | ובכן, אני לא בטוח. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | אני יכול לראות. | |
| cop | Copula | היא מאושרת. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | אני יודע ש אתה יודע. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | דלת המכונית. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | סם, חבר שלי. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | שבעה ימים. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | התוכנית לנצח. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | השמים הכחולים. | |
| det | Determiner | הסוף. | |
| case | Case marking | המלך של צרפת. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | למרות זאת. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | ניו יורק סיטי. | |
| compound | Compound noun | תאטלפון. | |
| list | List element | טלפון, מפתחות, ארנק. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | לחם וחמאה. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | לחם ו חמאה. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | זה נגנב. |
| punct | Punctuation | שלום! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (משמש עבור קישורים לא ידועים) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | אכלתי ארוחת צהריים. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (החלון נשבר) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | מתחם:nn (מטען טלפון) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (החתול על המזרן) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (המכונית של אבי) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (הכלב שלי שלי, הכובע של ג'ון) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (הספר שקראתי) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (אני עוזב את יום שלישי) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt (תוותר על, כבה את כיבוי) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (האיש שעזב) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name (נשיא אובמה) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | ארה"ב, ניו יורק, צרפת, קליפורניה |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | האוקיינוס השקט, הר האוורסט, האלפים |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | גשר שער הזהב, נמל התעופה JFK, בורג' ח'ליפה |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | אלון מאסק, הארי פוטר, אלן טיורינג |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | אמריקאי, בודהיסט, דמוקרטי, יפני |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | גוגל, האו"ם, אפל, פיפ"א |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 ביולי 2026, אתמול, בשבוע הבא |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 בבוקר, שקיעה, עשר דקות |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | מלחמת העולם השנייה, קואצ'לה, המשחקים האולימפיים |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | $100, 5 מיליון יורו, £50 |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%, שמונים אחוז, 0.5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 ק"מ, 100 פאונד, 30 מטרים רבועים |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | ראשון, שני, תשיעי |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, אלף, שלוש |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | אייפון, טסלה דגם S, קוקה קולה |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | מונה ליזה, רפסודיה בוהמית, המלט |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | החוקה, הסכם ורסאי |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | אנגלית, פייתון, מנדרינית |
אם נעבד את הביטוי "גוגל מבוססת בקליפורניה", השכבות נראות כך:
לממה: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
UPOS: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: "גוגל" הוא nsubj (נושא נומינלי) של הפועל "based" שהוא שורש (שורש המשפט).
NER: "גוגל" הוא 🏢 ORG (ארגון), "קליפורניה" הוא 🌍 GPE (ישות גיאופוליטית).
Arabic -
Catalan -
Chinese -
Classical Chinese -
Croatian -
Danish -
Dutch -
English -
Filipino -
Finnish -
French -
German -
Greek -
Hebrew -
Hindi -
Italian -
Indonesian -
Japanese -
Korean -
Latin -
Lithuanian -
Macedonian -
Norwegian -
Polish -
Portuguese -
Romanian -
Russian -
Slovenian -
Sanskrit -
Spanish -
Swedish -
Tamil -
Thai -
Ukrainian -
Vietnamese
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