UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Greek UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | μεγάλος, παλιός, πράσινος, ακατανόητος, πρώτος |
| ADV | Adverb | πολύ, αύριο, κάτω, πού, εκεί | |
| INTJ | Interjection | ψιτ, ωχ, μπράβο, γεια | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | κορίτσι, γάτα, δέντρο, αέρας, ομορφιά | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Μαρία, Ιωάννης, Λονδίνο, ΝΑΤΟ, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | τρέχω, τρέχει, τρέξιμο, τρώω, έφαγα, φαγωμένος | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | σε, προς, κατά τη διάρκεια |
| AUX | Auxiliary | είναι, έχει (κάνει), θα (κάνει), πρέπει (να κάνει) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | και, ή, αλλά (παλιά ετικέτα) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | και, ή, αλλά | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | αν, ενώ, ότι | |
| DET | Determiner | ένας, μια, το | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, ένα, εβδομήντα επτά, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | της/του (γενική), δεν | |
| PRON | Pronoun | εγώ, εσύ, αυτός, αυτή, ο εαυτός μου, οι ίδιοι, κάποιος | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Greek XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Ο Elon τρώει. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Αυτό που έκανε ήταν λάθος. | |
| obj | Direct object | Βλέπω το φεγγάρι. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Μου έδωσε ένα δώρο. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Είπε ότι ήταν κουρασμένος. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Θέλω να πάω. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Κάθισε στην καρέκλα. |
| vocative | Vocative | Γιάννη, έλα εδώ! | |
| expl | Expletive | Υπάρχει μια γάτα εκεί. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Εκείνον τον άντρα, τον ξέρω. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Έφυγα αφότου έφτασε. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Τρέξε γρήγορα. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | Λοιπόν, δεν είμαι σίγουρος. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Μπορώ να δω. | |
| cop | Copula | Αυτή είναι χαρούμενη. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Ξέρω ότι ξέρεις. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | Η πόρτα του αυτοκινήτου. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Σαμ, ο φίλος μου. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Επτά ημέρες. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | Το σχέδιο για νίκη. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | Ο γαλάζιος ουρανός. | |
| det | Determiner | Το τέλος. | |
| case | Case marking | Ο βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | Παρά από αυτό. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Πόλη της Αθήνας. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Τηλεφωνικός θάλαμος. | |
| list | List element | Τηλέφωνο, κλειδιά, πορτοφόλι. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Ψωμί και βούτυρο. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Ψωμί και βούτυρο. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Κλάπηκε. |
| punct | Punctuation | Γεια σας! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Χρησιμοποιείται για άγνωστους συνδέσμους) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Έφαγα μεσημεριανό. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (Το παράθυρο έσπασε) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compound:nn (Φορτιστής τηλεφώνου) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (Η γάτα πάνω στο χαλάκι) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (Το αυτοκίνητο του πατέρα μου) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Ο σκύλος μου, το καπέλο του Γιάννη) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (Το βιβλίο που διάβασα) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (Φεύγω την Τρίτη) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt (Παρατούμαι, κλείνω) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (Ο άντρας που έφυγε) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name (Ο Πρόεδρος Ομπάμα) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | Ελλάδα, Αθήνα, Γαλλία, Καλιφόρνια |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Ειρηνικός Ωκεανός, Έβερεστ, Άλπεις |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Παρθενώνας, Αεροδρόμιο Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος, Burj Khalifa |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Κωνσταντίνος Καραθεοδωρή, Χάρι Πότερ, Οδυσσέας Ελύτης |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Έλληνας, Βουδιστής, Δημοκρατικοί, Ιάπωνας |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google, Ηνωμένα Έθνη, Apple, FIFA |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 Ιουλίου, 2026, χθες, την επόμενη εβδομάδα |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 π.μ., ηλιοβασίλεμα, δέκα λεπτά |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Δεύτερος Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος, Φεστιβάλ Αθηνών, Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 $, 5 εκατομμύρια ευρώ, £50 |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%, ογδόντα τοις εκατό, 0,5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 χλμ, 50 κιλά, 30 τετραγωνικά μέτρα |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | πρώτος, 2ος, ένατος |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, χίλια, τρία |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Μόνα Λίζα, Bohemian Rhapsody, Άμλετ |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | Το Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας, Συνθήκη των Βερσαλλιών |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Ελληνικά, Python, Μανδαρινικά |
Αν αναλύσουμε την πρόταση „Η Google έχει την έδρα της στην Αθήνα“ (Google has its headquarters in Athens), τα διάφορα επίπεδα ανάλυσης φαίνονται παρακάτω:
Lemma (Λήμμα): "Google", "έχω", "έδρα", "ο", "Αθήνα"
UPOS (Καθολικά μέρη του λόγου): "PROPN(Κύριο όνομα)", "VERB(Ρήμα)", "NOUN(Ουσιαστικό)", "ADP(Πρόθεση)", "PROPN(Κύριο όνομα)"
XPOS (Λεπτομερή μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά): "N(Prop,Nom)", "V(Act,Ind,Pres)", "N(Subst,Acc)", "Prep", "N(Prop,Acc)"
DEP (Συντακτικές εξαρτήσεις): „Google“ είναι το nsubj (υποκείμενο) του ρήματος „έχει“ που είναι το Root (ρίζα της πρότασης). „έδρα“ είναι το obj (αντικείμενο). „Αθήνα“ είναι το obl (επιρρηματικός προσδιορισμός) συνδεδεμένο μέσω της πρόθεσης „στην“.
NER (Αναγνώριση ονοματισμένων οντοτήτων): „Google“ είναι 🏢 ORG (Οργανισμός), και „Αθήνα“ είναι 🌍 GPE (Γεωπολιτική οντότητα).
Arabic -
Catalan -
Chinese -
Classical Chinese -
Croatian -
Danish -
Dutch -
English -
Filipino -
Finnish -
French -
German -
Greek -
Hebrew -
Hindi -
Italian -
Indonesian -
Japanese -
Korean -
Latin -
Lithuanian -
Macedonian -
Norwegian -
Polish -
Portuguese -
Romanian -
Russian -
Slovenian -
Sanskrit -
Spanish -
Swedish -
Tamil -
Thai -
Ukrainian -
Vietnamese
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