UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Finnish UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | suuri, vanha, vihreä, käsittämätön, ensimmäinen |
| ADV | Adverb | erittäin, huomenna, alas, missä, tuolla | |
| INTJ | Interjection | hys, au, bravo, hei | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | tyttö, kissa, puu, ilma, kauneus | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Maria, Jussi, Lontoo, NATO, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | juosta, juoksee, juokseminen, syödä, söi, syöty | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | -ssa/-ssä, -lle, aikana |
| AUX | Auxiliary | on, on (tehty), tekee, pitäisi (tehdä) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | ja, tai, mutta (vanhentunut tagi) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | ja, tai, mutta | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | jos, samalla kun, että | |
| DET | Determiner | (ei artikkeleita) | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, yksi, seitsemänkymmentäseitsemän, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | -n (genetiivi), ei | |
| PRON | Pronoun | minä, sinä, hän, hän (nainen), itseni, itsensä, joku | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Finnish XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Elon syö. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Se mitä hän teki oli väärin. | |
| obj | Direct object | Minä näen kuun. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Hän antoi minulle lahjan. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Hän sanoi olevansa väsynyt. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Haluan mennä. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Hän istui tuolilla. |
| vocative | Vocative | Jussi, tule tänne! | |
| expl | Expletive | Tuolla on kissa. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Tuo mies, minä tunnen hänet. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Lähdin hänen saavuttuaan. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Juokse nopeasti. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | No, en ole varma. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Minä voin nähdä. | |
| cop | Copula | Hän on onnellinen. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Tiedän, että sinä tiedät. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | Auton ovi. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Sam, ystäväni. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Seitsemän päivää. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | Suunnitelma voittaakseen. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | Sininen taivas. | |
| det | Determiner | Loppu. | |
| case | Case marking | Ranskan kuningas. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | Siitä huolimatta. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Helsingin kaupunki. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Puhelinkoppi. | |
| list | List element | Puhelin, avaimet, lompakko. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Leipää ja voita. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Leipä ja voi. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Se varastettiin. |
| punct | Punctuation | Hei! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Käytetään tuntemattomille linkeille) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Minä söin lounaan. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (Ikkuna rikottiin) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compound:nn (Puhelimen laturi) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (Kissa matolla) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (Isäni auto) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Koirani, Jussin hattu) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (Kirja, jonka luin) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (Lähden tiistaina) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt (Luovuttaa, sulkea) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (Mies, joka lähti) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name (Presidentti Obama) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | Suomi, Helsinki, Ranska, Kalifornia |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Tyyni valtameri, Mount Everest, Alpit |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Eduskuntatalo, Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasema, Burj Khalifa |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Linus Torvalds, Harry Potter, Jean Sibelius |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Suomalainen, buddhalainen, demokraatit, japanilainen |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google, Yhdistyneet kansakundat, Nokia, FIFA |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4. heinäkuuta, 2026, eilen, ensi viikolla |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 aamulla, auringonlasku, kymmenen minuuttia |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Toinen maailmansota, Ruisrock, Olympialaiset |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 $, 5 miljoonaa euroa, £50 |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20 %, kahdeksankymmentä prosenttia, 0,5 % |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 km, 50 kg, 30 neliömetriä |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | ensimmäinen, 2., yhdeksäs |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, tuhat, kolme |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Mona Lisa, Bohemian Rhapsody, Hamlet |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | Suomen perustuslaki, Versailles'n rauhansopimus |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Suomi, Python, englanti |
Jos analysoimme virkkeen „Googlen pääkonttori sijaitsee Helsingissä“ (Google is based in Helsinki), eri kerrokset näyttävät seuraavilta:
Lemma (Perusmuoto): "Google", "pääkonttori", "sijaita", "Helsinki"
UPOS (Yleiset sanaluokat): "PROPN(Erisnimi)", "NOUN(Substantiivi)", "VERB(Verbi)", "PROPN(Erisnimi)"
XPOS (Tarkat morfologiset piirteet): "N(Prop,Gen)", "N(Subst,Nom)", "V(Act,Ind,Pres)", "N(Prop,Ine)"
DEP (Syntaktiset riippuvuussuhteet): „Googlen“ on nmod:poss (genetiivimäärite) substantiiville „pääkonttori“. „pääkonttori“ on nsubj (subjekti) verbille „sijaitsee“, joka puolestaan on virkkeen ydin eli Root (virkejuuri). „Helsingissä“ on obl (adverbiaali).
NER (Nimettyjen entiteettien tunnistus): „Google“ on 🏢 ORG (Organisaatio), ja „Helsingissä“ on 🌍 GPE (Geopoliittinen alue/kaupunki).
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